Arteries
Aorta
- Asending aorta branches
n Right coronary artery
n Left coronary artery
- Arch of aorta:
n Brachiocephalic
--- Right subclavian
--- Right common carotid artery
n Left subclavian artery
n Left common carotid artery
- Descending aorta branches (at chest):
n Lower 9 posterior intercostals (3-11) arteries
n subcostal artery
n Bronchial arteries (right + left)
n Esophageal artery
n Pericardial artery
- Descending aorta branches (at abdomen + pelvis):
n 3 anterior visceral (single)
--- Ciliac artery
--- Superior mesenteric artery
--- Inferior mesenteric artery
n 3 lateral visceral (paired)
--- Renal artery
---- Suprarenal branch
---- Anterior branch (apical, upper, middle, lower branches)
---- Posterior branch
---- Ureteric branches
--- Suprarenal artery
--- Gonadal artery
n 5 lateral abdominal wall (paired)
--- Inferior phrenic artery
---- Phrenic branch
---- Suprarenal branch
--- 4 lumbar arteries
n 3 terminal branches
--- Right common iliac
--- Left common iliac
--- Median sacral artery
Coronary arteries:
- Right Coronary arteries
n Right marginal
--- Sinuatrial nodal branch
--- Right atrial
--- Right clonus branch
--- left atrial
n Posterior interventricular artery
--- Atrioventricular nodal branch
--- Septal branches
- Left coronary arteries
n Circumflex branches
--- left marginal
n Anterior interventricular artery
--- Left conus branch
--- Septal branches
--- Diagonal branch
Subclavian artery branches: (in left, direct from aorta. In right, from brachiocephalic artery)
- First part:
1- Internal thoracic artery
--- (1-6) anterior intercostals arteries
--- pericardiophrenic artery
--- Superior epigastric artery
--- musculophrenic
---- (7-9) anterior intercostals arteries
---- Phrenic branch
2- Vertebral artery
--- Meningeal arteries
--- Anterior + posterior spinal arteries
--- postroinferior cerebellar artery
--- medullary arteries
- Second part
1- Costocervical trunk
--- Intercostals artery
--- Deep cervical artery
2- Superior intercostals artery
--- Posterior intercostals artery of 1st + 2nd IC spaces
3- Deep cervical artery
- Third part
1- Superficial cervical artery
2- Suprasccapular artery
Axillary artery branches: (continuation of subclavian artery, ends as brachial artery)
- First part
1- Highest thoracic artery (superior)
- Second part
1- Thoracoacromial trunk
2- Lateral thoracic artery
- Third part
1- Subscapular artery
2- Anterior circumflex humeral artery
3- Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Brachial artery branches: (continuation of Axillary artery, ends as radial + ulnar arteries)
1- Muscular branches (front of arm)
2- Nutrient artery to humerus
3- Profunda brachii artery
4- Superior ulnar collateral artery
5- Inferior ulnar collateral artery
Radial artery branches: (continuation of brachial ends as deep palmar arch)
1- Muscular branches (front of forearm)
2- Recurrent branch (anastomosis around elbow joint)
3- Superficial palmar branch (to join superficial palmar arch)
4- Dorsal digital arteries
n Arteria radialis indicis (to index)
n Arteria princeps pollicis (to thumb)
5- Deep palmar arch
n Branches to wrist joint
n Branches tp join the digital branches of thr r superficial palmar arch
Ulnar artery branches: (branch of brachial artery, ends as superficial palmar arch)
1- Muscular branches (front of forearm)
2- Anterior ulnar recurrent artery
3- Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
4- Common interosseous
n Anterior interosseous
--- perforating branch
n Posterior interosseous
5- Deep branch (to join deep palmar arch)
6- Superficial palmar arch
n 4 digital arteries
Celiac trunk (arise from aorta at T12)
1- Left gastric artery:
--- Gives few esphogeal branches
2- Splenic artery:
--- Pancreatic branches
--- Left gastroepiploic artery
--- Short gastric arteries
--- Splenic branches
3- Common Hepatic artery:
--- Right gastric artery
--- Gastroduodenal artery:
---- Right gastroepiploic
---- Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery:
---- Posterior branch
---- Anterior branch
--- Left hepatic artery
--- Right hepatic artery:
---- Cystic artery
Superior mesenteric artery branches: (arise from aorta just below celiac artery)
1- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2- Middle colic artery (gives right + left branches)
3- Right colic artery (gives ascending + descending branches)
4- Ileocolic artery:
n Superior branch
n Inferior branch:
--- Anterior cecal arteries
--- Posterior cecal arteries:
---- appendicular artery
5- Jejuna branches (arcades)
6- Ileal branches (arcades)
Inferior mesenteric artery branches: (arise from aorta before its bifurcation by 3.8 cm)
1- Left colic artery (gives ascending + descending branches)
2- Sigmoid arteries
3- Superior rectal artery
External iliac artery: (branch of common iliac artery)
- deep circumflex iliac artery
- inferior epigastric artery
--- Pubic branch
--- cremastric artery
Internal iliac artery: (branch of common iliac artery)
- Anterior division branches
n Umbilical artery
--- Superior vesical artery
n Obturator artery
n Inferior vesicle artery
--- Artery to vas deference
n Middle rectal artery
n Internal pudendal artery
--- Inferior rectal artery
--- Deep artery of penis
--- Dorsal artery of penis
--- Urethral
--- Perineal
--- Artery to bulb
n Inferior gluteal artery
n Uterine artery
n Vaginal artery
- Posterior division branches:
n Iliolumbar artery (lumbar + iliac branches)
n Lateral sacral arteries
n Superior gluteal artery (superficial + deep branches)
Femoral artery: (continuation of external iliac artery)
- Superficial branches
1- Superficial circumflex iliac artery
2- Superficial epigastric artery
3- Superficial external pudendal artery
- Deep branches
1- Profunda femoris artery
--- Medial femoral circumflex
--- Lateral femoral circumflex
--- The perforating arteries
--- ends as 4th perforating artery
2- Descending genicular artery
Popliteal artery (continuation of femoral artery)
- Muscular branches
- Articular branches
n Superior medial genicular artery
n Superior lateral genicular artery
n Inferior medial genicular artery
n Inferior lateral genicular artery
n Middle genicular artery
- Terminal
n Anterior tibial artery
n Posterior tibial artery
- Sural artery
Anterior tibial artery (anterior compartment of the leg)
- Muscular branches
- Anastomotic branches (around knee, ankle, joints)
- Ends as dorsalis pedis artery:
--- Lateral tarsal artery
--- arcuate artery
--- First dorsal metatarsal artery
Posterior tibial artery (posterior compartment of leg)
1- Peroneal artery
n Muscular branches (to lateral compartment)
n Nutrient arteries to fibula
n Perforating branches
2- Muscular branches (to posterior compartment)
3- Nutrient arteries to tibia
4- Anastomotic branches
5- Medial + lateral planter arteries
Definition:
Elongated and cylindrical part of the central nervous system which is contained in the upper two-third of the vertebral canal.
Function:
Integration and association of sensory modalities.
Extent :
Begin as continuation of the medulla oblongata at the level of the upper border of posterior arch of Atlas above (rostral) to first pair of cervical nerve , cuts middle of dens Axis vertebrae and end as a pointed end -conus medularis at the level of L1.
Dimension :
Length - 45cm in male and 42 cm in female
Weight- 30 gm
Enlargements :
Cervical C4-T2
Lumbosacral L1-S3
SEGMENT
Part of the spinal cord where a pair of spinal nerves is attached.
Coverings:
Duramater (endosteal + meningeal)
Acachnoid mater
Piamater
Contents of epidural space
fat
connective tissue
internal vertebral venous plexus
Filum terminale:
Continuation of piamater .
starts from the lower end of spinal cord at level of L1.
Has 2 parts : Filum terminale internum-15cm and filum terminale externum-5cm
Best site for lumbar puncture :
Adult : between L3-L4
Infant: between L4-L5
Protection of spinal cord
Vertebral canal
Meninges
Hydrostatic pressure of CSF
Filum terminale
Ligamentum denticulatum
Arterial supply of spinal cord.
2 sources
1. Longitudinally oriented vessels
anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery
2. segmental spinal arteries derived from:
verterbral artery
deep cervical arteries
posterior intercostal arteries
lumbar arteries
Structure of spinal cord :
Inner core of the Grey matter and outer white matter
Nerve cell groups in :
Anterior grey column
alpha efferent
and
gamma efferent
Posterior grey column
substantia Gelatinosa
Nucleus proprius
Nucleus dorsalis
Visceral affarent nucleus
